Layla Gupta

The ancient city of Babylon, nestled along the banks of the Euphrates River in what is now modern-day Iraq, was once the heart of a thriving and sophisticated civilization. As early as the third millennium BCE, this region—Mesopotamia—was home to great cities, towering ziggurats, and a people whose innovations would echo through history. Babylon, in particular, rose to prominence under rulers like Hammurabi and later Nebuchadnezzar II, becoming a center of law, culture, architecture, and religion. It was in this complex and multilayered society that women of various classes and backgrounds lived lives shaped by intricate social structures, religious practices, and evolving legal systems.

Life in ancient Babylon was deeply hierarchical, with power distributed according to class, gender, and occupation. At the top of society were the royal family and elite nobles, followed by priests, scribes, merchants, and skilled artisans. Below them were laborers, slaves, and other commoners. Women existed in all these layers of society and their roles, rights, and opportunities were directly influenced by their social standing. Elite women might serve as priestesses or manage large households and estates, while lower-class women often labored in agriculture, textile production, or domestic service. Despite the limitations placed on them by patriarchal norms, Babylonian women carved out meaningful spaces for themselves in both public and private life.

Religion was a central pillar of Babylonian culture and offered women specific roles within its framework. Temples were among the most powerful institutions, and women—especially those from noble or priestly families—could attain influential positions as priestesses. These women oversaw rituals, managed temple property, and acted as intermediaries between the divine and human realms.

Freya Johnston

Cobbo Publishing LLC

Women of Ancient Babylon: Queens, Priests, and Architects

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