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#1 The city of Rome was once the capital of a mighty empire. But in the middle of the fifteenth century, two-thirds of the area inside the walls was uninhabited, and the city was covered in moss-covered statues, defaced and indecipherable inscriptions, and parts within the walls that look like thick woods or caves where forest animals were wont to breed.

#2 The popes remained in Avignon until 1362, when Urban V was elected. He traveled to Rome and took up residence in the Vatican Palace, but he died soon after. His successor, Gregory XI, moved the Curia back to Rome.

#3 The city of Rome was in a state of chaos and decay, and the Romans had allowed this to happen. The Romans had tried to form a strong and stable political state, but they had been unable to do so.

#4 Pope Nicholas V, who was elected in 1447, was a champion of the Renaissance. He promoted a Holy Year for 1450, which brought in a lot of money for the Church. He also deposited 100,000 golden sovereigns in the Medici bank.

Summary of Christopher Hibbert's The Borgias and Their Enemies

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