Kenneth B. Alexander

Genesis is the Book of beginnings. That God (YHWH common name Elohim) is the primary creator is apparent throughout the book. YHWH is the true name of God however the Jews were not permitted to say God's true name so they used Elohim as a substitute. He created the Heavens and the earth and all plant and animal life that was to populate the planet. He created man and created a special nation for Himself called. Israel. Israel means "struggle with God" named after Jacob wrestling with God all night at the river Jabbok. The nation continued to struggle with God throughout its existence as a nation. Eventually God became frustrated with their lack of obedience and had physical Israel conquered. Today the true Israel is a spiritual Israel composed of those who accept Christ as their Savior by faith. 

In Genesis we see some of the most important developments in the foundation of the Israelite nation, which is the foundation for everything that was to come later. We have seen Christ and His role as the logos, the word of the Father. We have seen that He existed with the Father from the beginning as a principal part of the Great Trinity. It was no different when he appeared on earth as the Son of God. While here, He was the representation and mouthpiece of the Father. "Have I been so long with you, and yet you have not come to know Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has seen the Father; how can you say, 'Show us the Father'? "Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the Father is in Me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on My own initiative, but the Father abiding in Me does His works" (John 14:9-10). Jesus was the exact representation of the Father and He only spoke and did what was revealed to Him by the Father. As John said: "All things came into being through Him, [Christ] and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being" (John 1:1-3). On earth it was the Father working through the Son. 

The Father was the Creator of the heavens and the earth, but it was given Christ to speak it into existence by the word. Even now the Father has given the Son (Christ) all authority in heaven and earth. As Christ said in His parting words: "All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth" (Matthew 28:18). The Father had this plan in mind from before the world was created. "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed US with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ, just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and blameless before Him. In love He predestined us to adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the kind intention of His will," (Ephesians 1:3-5). And: "For those whom He foreknew, He also predestined to BECOME CONFORMED TO THE IMAGE OF HIS SON, so that He would be the firstborn among many brethren; and these whom He predestined, He also called; and these whom He called, He also justified; and these whom He justified, He also glorified" (Romans 8:29-30). Finally: "Yet we do speak wisdom among those who are mature; a wisdom, however, not of this age nor of the rulers of this age, who are passing away; but we speak God's wisdom in a mystery, the hidden wisdom which God predestined before the ages to our glory; the wisdom which none of the rulers of this age has understood; for if they had understood it they would not have crucified the Lord of glory; but just as it is written, "THINGS WHICH EYE HAS NOT SEEN AND EAR HAS NOT HEARD, AND which HAVE NOT ENTERED THE HEART OF MAN, ALL THAT GOD HAS PREPARED FOR THOSE WHO LOVE HIM" (1 Corinthians 2:6-9; Isaiah 64:4).

The process of creation gave birth to the creative Word of God which would be used by prophets in creating what was to come in the process leading to Christ. Abraham laid the foundation for faith to be reckoned to us as righteousness, just as Christ proclaimed faith in Him as salvation. Isaac produced the twins of which one would be called Israel, the beginning of a nation. Jacob/israel gave birth to the 12 Sons of Israel upon which a nation would be built. Joseph was Christ, the savior and deliverer of a nation. 

Those who did not love God, or follow Him, gave existence to the enemies of God that would have to be subdued over the coming ages. The reasons for this are clearly defined in Genesis. Even after God destroyed the world by a flood, the evil slipped through and recreated itself on this side of the deluge. 

Evil bodies may have died but eternal spirits continued. Yet despite the Satanic opposition God, using real people who made real mistakes, formed the beginnings of the Nation of Israel through Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (later renamed Israel). Israel was and always will be a small nation but mighty in God. "For you are a holy people to the LORD your God; the LORD your God has chosen you to be a people for His own possession out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth. "The LORD did not set His love on you nor choose you because you were more in number than any of the peoples, for you were the fewest of all peoples, but because the LORD loved you and kept the oath which He swore to your forefathers" (Dt 7:6Ñ8). 

Joseph, after being imprisoned for 11 years ("Until the time that his word came to pass, The word of the LORD tested [refined him] Psalm 105:19) was raised to the throne of Pharaoh and saved his family so they could become a great nation. You don't see God moving through all the surrounding pagan nations but you find Him moving through Israel His chosen people. This continues through the New testament where the spiritual Israel continues the battle against satanic powers and principalities (Ephesians 6). 

Facts About Genesis:

I. NAME OF THE BOOK - Genesis

A. In Hebrew (i.e. the Masoretic Text) the name is the first word of the book, bereshith, meaning "in the beginning" or "by way of beginning."

B. From the Greek Bible (i.e. Septuagint Greek translation), the name is Genesis, which means "beginning" or "origin," taken from Gen. 2:4a.

II. CANONIZATION

A. This is the first book of the first section of the Hebrew canon called "The Torah" or "teachings" or "Law."

B. This section in the Septuagint is known as the Pentateuch (i.e. five scrolls).

C. It is sometimes called "The Five Books of Moses" in English.

D. GenesisÑDeuteronomy is a continuous account by (or edited by) Moses concerning creation through Moses' lifetime.

III. GENREÑThe book of Genesis is primarily theological, historical narrative but it also includes other types of literary genre:

A. Historical dramaÑexamples: 1:1Ñ3

B. PoetryÑexamples: 2:23; 4:2; 8:22

C. ProphecyÑexamples: 3:15; 49:1ff (also poetic)

IV. AUTHORSHIP

A. The Bible itself does not name the author (as is true of many OT books). Ultimately the author is God!

B. Jewish tradition:

1. Ancient Jewish writers say Moses wrote it:

a. Ben Sirah's Ecclesiasticus, 24:23, written about 185 B.C.

b. The Baba Bathra 14b, a part of the Talmud

c. Philo of Alexandria, Egypt, a Jewish philosopher, living about 20 B.C. to A.D. 42

d. Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian, living about A.D. 37Ñ70

2. The majority of scholars attribute the authorship of Genesis to Moses as do they with the other four books of the Torah (Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy). 

DATES

A. Genesis covers the period from the creation of the cosmos to Abraham's family. It is possible to date Abraham's life from secular literature of the period. The approximate date would be 2000 B.C., the second millennium B.C. The basis for this is

1. father acted as priest to family (like Job)

2. life was nomadic following herds and flocks

3. migration of Semitic peoples during this period

B. The early events of Genesis 1Ñ11 are true historical events (possibly historical drama) but undatable by current available knowledge.

C. It must be remembered when studying Genesis that the historical events are recorded by Moses who led the people of God out of Egypt in 1445 B.C., based on 1 Kings 6:1. Therefore, either by oral tradition, unknown written sources, or direct divine revelation, Moses records "how it all began" focusing on "who" and "why," not "how" and "when"!

SOURCES FOR CORROBORATING THE HISTORICAL SETTING OF GENESIS 

A. Other Biblical books

1. CreationÑPsalms 8; 19; 33; 50; 104; 148 and the NT (cf. John 1:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2)

2. Abraham's timeÑJob

B. Archaeological sources

1. Earliest known literary parallel of the cultural setting of Genesis 1Ñ11 is the Ebla cuneiform tablets from northern Syria dating about 2500 B.C., written in Akkadian.

2. Creation

a. The closest Mesopotamian account dealing with creation, Enuma Elish, dating from (1) NIV Study Bible, about 1900Ñ1700 B.C. or (2) John H. Walton's Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context, p. 21, about 1000 B.C. It was found in Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh and other copies were found at several other places. There are seven cuneiform tablets written in Akkadian that describe creation by Marduk.

(1) The gods, Apsu (fresh waterÑmale) and Tiamat (salt waterÑfemale) had unruly, noisy children. These two gods tried to silence the younger gods.

(2) One of Ea and Damkina's children, Marduk (the chief god of the emerging city of Babylon), defeats Tiamat. He formed the earth and sky from her body.

(3) Ea formed humanity from another defeated god, Kingu, who was the male consort of Tiamat after the death of Apsu. Humanity came from Kingu's blood.

(4) Marduk was made chief of the Babylonian pantheon.

b. "The creation seal" is a cuneiform tablet which is a picture of a naked man and woman beside a fruit tree with a snake wrapped around the tree's trunk and positioned over the woman's shoulder as if talking to her.

The conservative Professor of Archaeology at Wheaton College, Alfred J. Hoerth, says that the seal is now interpreted as referring to prostitution. This is a good example of how artifacts from the past are interpreted differently by individuals and through time. This particular piece of evidence must be re-evaluated.

3. Creation and FloodÑThe Atrahasis Epic records the rebellion of the lesser gods because of overwork and the creation of seven human couples (from clay, blood, and saliva) to perform the duties of these lesser gods. Humans were destroyed because of: (1) over population and (2) noise. Human beings were reduced in number by a plague, two famines and finally a flood, planned by Enlil. Atrahasis builds a boat and brings animals on board in order to save them from the waters. These major events are seen in the same

The order in Genesis 1Ñ8. This cuneiform composition dates from about the same time as Enuma Elish and the Gilgamesh Epic, about 1900Ñ1700 B.C. All are in Akkadian.

4. Noah's flood

a. A Sumerian tablet from Nippur, called Eridu Genesis, dating from about 1600 B.C., tells about Ziusudra and a coming flood.

(1) Enka, the water god, warns Ziusudra of a coming flood.

(2) Ziusudra, a king-priest, believes this revelation and builds a huge square boat and stocks it with all kinds of seeds.

(3) The flood lasted seven days.

(4) Ziusudra opened a window on the boat and released several birds to see if dry land had appeared.

(5) He also offered a sacrifice of an ox and sheep when he left the boat.

b. A composite Babylonian flood account from four Sumerian tablets, known as the Gilgamesh Epic originally dating from about 2500Ñ2400 B.C., although the written composite form in cuneiform Akkadian, is much later (ca. 1900Ñ1700 B.C.). It tells about a flood survivor, Utnapishtim, who tells Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, how he survived the great flood and was granted eternal life.

(1) Ea, the water god, warns of a coming flood and tells Utnapishtim (Babylonian form of Ziusudra) to build a boat.

(2) Utnapishtim and his family, along with selected healing plants, survived the flood.

(3) The flood lasted seven days.

(4) The boat came to rest in northern Persia, on Mt. Nisir.

(5) He sent out 3 different birds to see if dry land had yet appeared.

5. The Mesopotamian literature which describes an ancient flood are all drawing from the same source. The names often vary, but the plot is the same. An example is that Zivusudra, Atrahasis and Utnapishtim all represent the same human king.

6. The historical parallels to the early events of Genesis can be explained in light of mankind's pre-dispersion (Genesis 1Ñ11) knowledge and experience of God. These true historical core memories have been elaborated and mythologicalized into the current flood accounts common throughout the world. The same can also be said not only of creation (Gen.1, 2) and the Flood (Gen. 6Ñ9) but also of human and angelic unions (Genesis 6).

7. Patriarch's Day (Middle Bronze)

a. Mari tabletsÑcuneiform legal (Ammonite culture) and personal texts in Akkadian from about 1700 B.C.

b. Nuzi tabletsÑcuneiform archives of certain families (Horite or Hurrian culture) written in Akkadian from about 100 miles SE of Nineveh about 1500Ñ1300 B.C. They record family and business procedures. For further specific examples, see John H. Walton's Ancient Israelite Literature in its Cultural Context, pp. 52Ñ58

c. Alalak tabletsÑcuneiform texts from Northern Syria from about 2000 B.C.

d. Some of the names found in Genesis are recorded as place names in the Mari Tablets: Serug, Peleg, Terah, and Nahor. Other biblical names were also common: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Laban, and Joseph. This shows that biblical names fit this time and place.

8. "Comparative historiographic studies have shown that, along with the Hittites, the ancient Hebrews were the most accurate, objective and responsible recorders of near eastern history." R. K Harrison, Biblical Criticism, p 5.

9. Archaeology has proven to be so helpful in establishing the historicity of the Bible. However, a word of caution is necessary. Archaeology is not an absolutely trustworthy guide because of

a. poor techniques in early excavations

b. various, very subjective interpretations of the artifacts that have been discovered

c. no agreed-upon chronology of the ancient Near East (although one is being developed from tree rings and pottery). 

God was true to His word and remained faithful revealing His Son on earth at the chosen time to bring salvation to His people.

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The Book of Genesis - Beginnings

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