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Lex Fridman

Conversations about science, technology, history, philosophy and the nature of intelligence, consciousness, love, and power. Lex is an AI researcher at MIT and beyond.

Lex Fridman Podcast

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Jennifer's X: https://x.com/profburns
Jennifer's Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org

Jennifer's Books:
Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO
Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Brain.fm: Music for focus.
Go to https://brain.fm/lex
GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor.
Go to https://gh.io/copilot
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(10:05) - Milton Friedman
(24:58) - The Great Depression
(39:15) - Schools of economic thought
(50:22) - Keynesian economics
(58:10) - Laissez-faire
(1:06:00) - Friedrich Hayek
(1:11:18) - Money and monetarism
(1:26:03) - Stagflation
(1:30:56) - Moral case for capitalism
(1:34:53) - Freedom
(1:39:51) - Ethics of competition
(1:43:37) - Win-win solutions
(1:45:26) - Corruption
(1:47:51) - Government intervention
(1:54:10) - Conservatism
(2:00:33) - Donald Trump
(2:03:09) - Inflation
(2:07:38) - DOGE
(2:12:58) - Javier Milei
(2:18:03) - Richard Nixon
(2:25:17) - Ronald Reagan
(2:28:24) - Cryptocurrency
(2:43:40) - Ayn Rand
(2:51:18) - The Fountainhead
(3:02:58) - Sex and power dynamics
(3:19:04) - Evolution of ideas in history
(3:26:32) - Postmodernism
(3:37:33) - Advice to students
(3:45:50) - Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#457 – Jennifer Burns: Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, Economics, Capitalism, Freedom

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
ThePrimeagen's X: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen
ThePrimeagen's YouTube: https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen
ThePrimeagen's Twitch: https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen
ThePrimeagen's GitHub: https://github.com/theprimeagen
ThePrimeagen's TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen
ThePrimeagen's Coffee: https://www.terminal.shop/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Invideo AI: AI video generator.
Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(10:27) - Love for programming
(20:00) - Hardest part of programming
(22:16) - Types of programming
(29:54) - Life story
(39:58) - Hardship
(41:29) - High school
(47:15) - Porn addiction
(57:01) - God
(1:12:44) - Perseverance
(1:22:40) - Netflix
(1:35:08) - Groovy
(1:40:13) - Printf() debugging
(1:46:35) - Falcor
(1:56:05) - Breaking production
(1:58:49) - Pieter Levels
(2:03:19) - Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure
(2:15:22) - ThePrimeagen origin story
(2:30:37) - Learning programming languages
(2:39:40) - Best programming languages in 2025
(2:44:35) - Python
(2:45:15) - HTML & CSS
(2:46:05) - Bash
(2:46:45) - FFmpeg
(2:53:28) - Performance
(2:56:00) - Rust
(3:00:48) - Epic projects
(3:14:12) - Asserts
(3:23:26) - ADHD
(3:31:34) - Productivity
(3:35:58) - Programming setup
(4:11:28) - Coffee
(4:18:32) - Programming with AI
(5:01:16) - Advice for young programmers
(5:12:48) - Reddit questions
(5:20:20) - God

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#461 – ThePrimeagen: Programming, AI, ADHD, Productivity, Addiction, and God

Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep462-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ezra-klein-and-derek-thompson-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Abundance (new book): https://amzn.to/4iZ1S8J
Ezra's X: https://x.com/ezraklein/
Ezra's Instagram: https://instagram.com/ezraklein
Ezra's YouTube: https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow
The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein
Derek's X: https://x.com/dkthomp
Plain English (podcast): https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson
The Atlantic: https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game.
Go to https://callofduty.com/warzone
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(03:17) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:33) - Left-wing vs right-wing politics
(19:54) - Political leaders on the left and the right
(44:29) - Internal political divisions
(47:29) - AOC
(58:50) - Political realignment
(1:10:32) - Supply-side progressivism
(1:17:42) - Wealth redistribution
(1:27:50) - Housing problem
(1:44:09) - Regulation and deregulation
(2:00:43) - DOGE, Elon, and Trump
(2:59:46) - Sam Harris
(3:09:24) - Future of America

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#462 – Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson: Politics, Trump, AOC, Elon & DOGE

Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep463-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/douglas-murray-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Douglas's X: https://x.com/DouglasKMurray
Douglas's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@douglasmurray
Douglas's Instagram: https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray
Douglas's Website: https://douglasmurray.net
On Democracies and Death Cults (book): https://amzn.to/4jahsxL
The War on the West (book): https://amzn.to/38L7B36

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Call of Duty: First-person shooter video game.
Go to https://callofduty.com/warzone
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(02:04) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:31) - War in Ukraine
(13:17) - Trump and Zelenskyy
(27:47) - Putin
(48:40) - Peace
(58:31) - Zelenskyy
(1:13:11) - Israel-Palestine
(1:23:57) - Hamas
(1:38:30) - Corruption
(1:41:40) - Gaza
(2:02:18) - Benjamin Netanyahu
(2:19:29) - Hate
(2:43:59) - Iran
(2:54:48) - Interview advice
(3:09:12) - War

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

SOCIAL LINKS:
- X: https://x.com/lexfridman
- Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman
- TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman
- Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman
- Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman
- Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

#463 – Douglas Murray: Putin, Zelenskyy, Trump, Israel, Netanyahu, Hamas & Gaza

Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep467-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/tim-sweeney-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Tim's X: https://x.com/timsweeneyepic
Epic Games: https://epicgames.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(08:25) - 10,000 hours programming
(11:42) - Advice for young programmers
(19:54) - Video games in the 80s and 90s
(22:02) - Epic Games origin story
(34:40) - Indie game development
(40:34) - Unreal Engine
(1:06:30) - Technical details of Unreal Engine
(1:11:23) - Constructive solid geometry
(1:17:21) - Dynamic lighting
(1:21:51) - Volumetric fog
(1:25:19) - John Carmack
(1:27:05) - Evolution of Unreal Engine
(1:33:21) - Unreal Engine 5
(1:44:32) - Creating realistic humans
(1:53:41) - Lumen global illumination
(1:58:11) - Movies
(2:12:53) - Simulating reality
(2:25:08) - Metaverse
(2:27:44) - Fortnite
(2:31:40) - Scaling
(2:47:04) - Game economies
(2:48:33) - Standardizing the Metaverse
(2:56:46) - Verse programming language
(3:18:19) - Concurrency
(3:25:56) - Unreal Engine 6
(3:30:34) - Indie game developers
(3:33:32) - Apple
(3:48:12) - Epic Games Store
(4:11:03) - Future of gaming
(4:17:03) - Greatest games ever made
(4:22:39) - GTA 6 and Rockstar Games
(4:25:58) - Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

SOCIAL LINKS:
- X: https://x.com/lexfridman
- Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman
- TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman
- Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman
- Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman
- Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

#467 – Tim Sweeney: Fortnite, Unreal Engine, and the Future of Gaming

Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep469-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/oliver-anthony-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Oliver's X: https://x.com/AintGottaDollar
Oliver's Instagram: https://instagram.com/oliver_anthony_music_
Oliver's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@oliveranthonymusic
Oliver's TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic
Oliver's Website: https://oliveranthonymusic.com/
Oliver's FaceBook: https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/
Oliver's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm.
Go to https://tnusa.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(09:00) - Open mics
(13:03) - Mainstream country music
(22:10) - Fame
(28:06) - Music vs politics
(36:56) - Rich Men North of Richmond
(47:06) - Popularity, money, and integrity
(1:01:54) - Blue-collar people
(1:13:57) - Depression
(1:38:50) - Nature
(2:01:26) - Three-legged cat
(2:09:57) - I Want to Go Home (live performance)
(2:13:36) - Guitar backstory
(2:17:58) - Playing live this year

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#469 – Oliver Anthony: Country Music, Blue-Collar America, Fame, Money, and Pain

A conversation with Christof Koch as part of MIT course on Artificial General Intelligence. Video version is available on YouTube. He is the President and Chief Scientific Officer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. From 1986 until 2013, he was a professor at CalTech. Cited more than 105,000 times. Author of several books including "Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist." If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.

Christof Koch: Consciousness

Steven Pinker is a professor at Harvard and before that was a professor at MIT. He is the author of many books, several of which have had a big impact on the way I see the world for the better. In particular, The Better Angels of Our Nature and Enlightenment Now have instilled in me a sense of optimism grounded in data, science, and reason. Video version is available on YouTube. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.

Steven Pinker: AI in the Age of Reason

Yoshua Bengio, along with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann Lecun, is considered one of the three people most responsible for the advancement of deep learning during the 1990s, 2000s, and now. Cited 139,000 times, he has been integral to some of the biggest breakthroughs in AI over the past 3 decades. Video version is available on YouTube. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.

Yoshua Bengio: Deep Learning

Vladimir Vapnik is the co-inventor of support vector machines, support vector clustering, VC theory, and many foundational ideas in statistical learning. His work has been cited over 170,000 times. He has some very interesting ideas about artificial intelligence and the nature of learning, especially on the limits of our current approaches and the open problems in the field. Video version is available on YouTube. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations.

Vladimir Vapnik: Statistical Learning

Jordan Jonas is a wilderness survival expert, explorer, hunter, guide, and winner of Alone Season 6, a show in which the task is to survive alone in the arctic wilderness longer than anyone else. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest competitors in the history on that show. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
- HiddenLayer: https://hiddenlayer.com/lex
- Notion: https://notion.com/lex
- Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get $1 per month trial
- NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour
- LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack
- Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/lex to get $350 off

AMA - Submit Questions to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/ama-questions

Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jordan-jonas-transcript

EPISODE LINKS:
Jordan's Instagram: https://instagram.com/hobojordo
Jordan's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@hobojordo
Jordan's Website: https://jordanjonas.com/
Jordan's X: https://x.com/hobojordo

PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman
YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips

SUPPORT & CONNECT:
- Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast
- Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman
- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman
- Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman

OUTLINE:
Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) - Introduction
(11:25) - Alone Season 6
(45:43) - Arctic
(1:01:59) - Roland Welker
(1:09:34) - Freight trains
(1:21:19) - Siberia
(1:39:45) - Hunger
(1:59:29) - Suffering
(2:14:15) - God
(2:29:15) - Mortality
(2:34:59) - Resilience
(2:46:45) - Hope
(2:49:30) - Lex AMA

#437 – Jordan Jonas: Survival, Hunting, Siberia, God, and Winning Alone Season 6

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