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Lex Fridman

Conversations about science, technology, history, philosophy and the nature of intelligence, consciousness, love, and power. Lex is an AI researcher at MIT and beyond.

Lex Fridman Podcast

Norman Finkelstein and Benny Morris are historians. Mouin Rabbani is a Middle East analyst. Steven Bonnell (aka Destiny) is a political livestreamer. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
- ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod to get 3 months free
- Babbel: https://babbel.com/lexpod and use code Lexpod to get 55% off
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- Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings

Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/israel-palestine-debate-transcript

EPISODE LINKS:
Mouin's X: https://x.com/MouinRabbani
Mouin's Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLkT5TSHWFSYKY_6vrNn_vZAmfunA_s9g
-
Benny's Books: https://amzn.to/3Vf7NNU
-
Norman's X: https://x.com/normfinkelstein
Norman's Website: https://www.normanfinkelstein.com/
Norman's Books: https://amzn.to/3IqouxU
Knowing Too Much (excerpt): https://jumpshare.com/v/8EUbbP40Do44ITDfJUoR
-
Destiny's YouTube: https://youtube.com/destiny
Destiny's X: https://x.com/TheOmniLiberal
Destiny's Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Destiny/
Destiny's Website: https://destiny.gg
-
Norman and Mouin provided additional links to supplement the discussion. See them here: https://sites.google.com/view/israel-palestine-debate/home

PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman
YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips

SUPPORT & CONNECT:
- Check out the sponsors above, it's the best way to support this podcast
- Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman
- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman
- Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman

OUTLINE:
Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) - Introduction
(12:11) - 1948
(1:10:43) - Partition
(2:15:16) - October 7
(3:09:27) - Gaza
(3:36:02) - Peace
(4:40:47) - Hope for the future

#418 – Israel-Palestine Debate: Finkelstein, Destiny, M. Rabbani & Benny Morris

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Saagar's Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar's Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar's X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar's Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints
The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover.
Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
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NetSuite: Business management software.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(09:47) - Why Trump won
(14:48) - Book recommendations
(18:24) - History of wokeism
(25:54) - History of Scots-Irish
(32:32) - Biden
(36:34) - FDR
(38:36) - George W Bush
(40:59) - LBJ
(46:15) - Cuban Missile Crisis
(53:48) - Immigration
(1:25:46) - DOGE
(1:52:27) - MAGA ideology
(1:55:39) - Bernie Sanders
(2:04:00) - Obama vs Trump
(2:21:00) - Nancy Pelosi
(2:24:14) - Kamala Harris
(2:40:00) - 2020 Election
(3:03:49) - Sam Harris
(3:14:55) - UFOs
(3:20:47) - Future of the Republican Party
(3:27:24) - Future of the Democratic Party
(3:35:21) - Hope

#454 – Saagar Enjeti: Trump, MAGA, DOGE, Obama, FDR, JFK, History & Politics

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Adam's Website: https://adamfrankscience.com
Adam's X: https://x.com/adamfrank4
Adam's Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience
Adam's Books:
The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management.
Go to https://encord.com/lex
Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover.
Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(14:22) - Planet formation
(19:32) - Plate tectonics
(26:54) - Extinction events
(31:04) - Biosphere
(34:02) - Technosphere
(38:17) - Emergence of intelligence
(44:29) - Drake equation
(48:43) - Exoplanets
(51:28) - Habitable zones
(54:30) - Fermi Paradox
(1:03:28) - Alien civilizations
(1:12:55) - Colonizing Mars
(1:25:11) - Search for aliens
(1:41:37) - Alien megastructures
(1:47:43) - Kardashev scale
(1:52:56) - Detecting aliens
(1:59:38) - Warp drives
(2:05:45) - Cryogenics
(2:09:03) - What aliens look like
(2:17:48) - Alien contact
(2:28:53) - UFO sightings
(2:40:38) - Physics of life
(3:06:29) - Nature of time
(3:22:53) - Cognition
(3:27:16) - Mortality

#455 – Adam Frank: Alien Civilizations and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
President Zelenskyy's X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa
President Zelenskyy's Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official
President Zelenskyy's Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor.
Go to https://gh.io/copilot
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover.
Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(20:17) - Language
(30:06) - World War II
(46:54) - Invasion on Feb 24, 2022
(53:30) - Negotiating Peace
(1:13:47) - NATO and security guarantees
(1:26:39) - Sitting down with Putin and Trump
(1:46:09) - Compromise and leverage
(1:51:38) - Putin and Russia
(2:01:30) - Donald Trump
(2:12:01) - Martial Law and Elections
(2:24:21) - Corruption
(2:33:06) - Elon Musk
(2:37:10) - Trump Inauguration on Jan 20
(2:40:18) - Power dynamics in Ukraine
(2:43:50) - Future of Ukraine
(2:48:32) - Choice of language
(2:58:02) - Podcast prep and research process
(3:06:27) - Travel and setup
(3:12:13) - Conclusion

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

SOCIAL LINKS:
- X: https://x.com/lexfridman
- Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman
- TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman
- Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman
- Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman
- Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

#456 – Volodymyr Zelenskyy: Ukraine, War, Peace, Putin, Trump, NATO, and Freedom

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Jennifer's X: https://x.com/profburns
Jennifer's Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org

Jennifer's Books:
Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO
Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Brain.fm: Music for focus.
Go to https://brain.fm/lex
GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor.
Go to https://gh.io/copilot
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(10:05) - Milton Friedman
(24:58) - The Great Depression
(39:15) - Schools of economic thought
(50:22) - Keynesian economics
(58:10) - Laissez-faire
(1:06:00) - Friedrich Hayek
(1:11:18) - Money and monetarism
(1:26:03) - Stagflation
(1:30:56) - Moral case for capitalism
(1:34:53) - Freedom
(1:39:51) - Ethics of competition
(1:43:37) - Win-win solutions
(1:45:26) - Corruption
(1:47:51) - Government intervention
(1:54:10) - Conservatism
(2:00:33) - Donald Trump
(2:03:09) - Inflation
(2:07:38) - DOGE
(2:12:58) - Javier Milei
(2:18:03) - Richard Nixon
(2:25:17) - Ronald Reagan
(2:28:24) - Cryptocurrency
(2:43:40) - Ayn Rand
(2:51:18) - The Fountainhead
(3:02:58) - Sex and power dynamics
(3:19:04) - Evolution of ideas in history
(3:26:32) - Postmodernism
(3:37:33) - Advice to students
(3:45:50) - Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#457 – Jennifer Burns: Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, Economics, Capitalism, Freedom

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Marc's X: https://x.com/pmarca
Marc's Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com
Marc's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z
Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management.
Go to https://encord.com/lex
GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor.
Go to https://gh.io/copilot
Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration.
Go to https://notion.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(12:46) - Best possible future
(22:09) - History of Western Civilization
(31:28) - Trump in 2025
(39:09) - TDS in tech
(51:56) - Preference falsification
(1:07:52) - Self-censorship
(1:22:55) - Censorship
(1:31:34) - Jon Stewart
(1:34:20) - Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan
(1:43:09) - Government pressure
(1:53:57) - Nature of power
(2:06:45) - Journalism
(2:12:20) - Bill Ackman
(2:17:17) - Trump administration
(2:24:56) - DOGE
(2:38:48) - H1B and immigration
(3:16:42) - Little tech
(3:29:02) - AI race
(3:37:52) - X
(3:41:24) - Yann LeCun
(3:44:59) - Andrew Huberman
(3:46:30) - Success
(3:49:26) - God and humanity

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#458 – Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Dylan's X: https://x.com/dylan522p
SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/
Nathan's X: https://x.com/natolambert
Nathan's Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/
Nathan's Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast
Nathan's Website: https://www.natolambert.com/
Nathan's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert
Nathan's Book: https://rlhfbook.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Invideo AI: AI video generator.
Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod
GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor.
Go to https://gh.io/copilot
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(13:28) - DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3
(35:02) - Low cost of training
(1:01:19) - DeepSeek compute cluster
(1:08:52) - Export controls on GPUs to China
(1:19:10) - AGI timeline
(1:28:35) - China's manufacturing capacity
(1:36:30) - Cold war with China
(1:41:00) - TSMC and Taiwan
(2:04:38) - Best GPUs for AI
(2:19:30) - Why DeepSeek is so cheap
(2:32:49) - Espionage
(2:41:52) - Censorship
(2:54:46) - Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL
(3:05:17) - OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1
(3:24:25) - NVIDIA
(3:28:53) - GPU smuggling
(3:35:30) - DeepSeek training on OpenAI data
(3:45:59) - AI megaclusters
(4:21:21) - Who wins the race to AGI?
(4:31:34) - AI agents
(4:40:16) - Programming and AI
(4:47:43) - Open source
(4:56:55) - Stargate
(5:04:24) - Future of AI

#459 – DeepSeek, China, OpenAI, NVIDIA, xAI, TSMC, Stargate, and AI Megaclusters

Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep460-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/narendra-modi-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Narendra Modi's X: https://x.com/narendramodi
Narendra Modi's Instagram: https://instagram.com/narendramodi
Narendra Modi's YouTube: https://youtube.com/narendramodi
Narendra Modi's Website: https://narendramodi.in/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Brain.fm: Music for focus.
Go to https://brain.fm/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(17:24) - Fasting
(29:42) - Early life
(41:38) - Advice to Young People
(47:20) - Journey in the Himalayas
(58:50) - Becoming a monk
(1:00:37) - RSS and Hindu nationalism
(1:08:22) - Explaining India
(1:12:32) - Mahatma Gandhi
(1:24:27) - Path to peace in Ukraine
(1:27:41) - India and Pakistan
(1:33:21) - Cricket and Football
(1:37:45) - Donald Trump
(1:48:56) - China and Xi Jinping
(1:56:01) - Gujarat riots in 2002
(2:11:37) - Biggest democracy in the world
(2:21:53) - Power
(2:26:39) - Hard work
(2:29:46) - Srinivasa Ramanujan
(2:31:53) - Decision-making process
(2:39:40) - AI
(2:49:55) - Education
(3:00:10) - Learning and focus
(3:06:01) - Mantra
(3:07:45) - Meditation
(3:13:43) - Lex visiting India
(3:18:08) - Siddhartha

#460 – Narendra Modi: Prime Minister of India – Power, Democracy, War & Peace

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
ThePrimeagen's X: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen
ThePrimeagen's YouTube: https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen
ThePrimeagen's Twitch: https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen
ThePrimeagen's GitHub: https://github.com/theprimeagen
ThePrimeagen's TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen
ThePrimeagen's Coffee: https://www.terminal.shop/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Invideo AI: AI video generator.
Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
Go to http://netsuite.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(10:27) - Love for programming
(20:00) - Hardest part of programming
(22:16) - Types of programming
(29:54) - Life story
(39:58) - Hardship
(41:29) - High school
(47:15) - Porn addiction
(57:01) - God
(1:12:44) - Perseverance
(1:22:40) - Netflix
(1:35:08) - Groovy
(1:40:13) - Printf() debugging
(1:46:35) - Falcor
(1:56:05) - Breaking production
(1:58:49) - Pieter Levels
(2:03:19) - Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure
(2:15:22) - ThePrimeagen origin story
(2:30:37) - Learning programming languages
(2:39:40) - Best programming languages in 2025
(2:44:35) - Python
(2:45:15) - HTML & CSS
(2:46:05) - Bash
(2:46:45) - FFmpeg
(2:53:28) - Performance
(2:56:00) - Rust
(3:00:48) - Epic projects
(3:14:12) - Asserts
(3:23:26) - ADHD
(3:31:34) - Productivity
(3:35:58) - Programming setup
(4:11:28) - Coffee
(4:18:32) - Programming with AI
(5:01:16) - Advice for young programmers
(5:12:48) - Reddit questions
(5:20:20) - God

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
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- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
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- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#461 – ThePrimeagen: Programming, AI, ADHD, Productivity, Addiction, and God

Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep462-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ezra-klein-and-derek-thompson-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Abundance (new book): https://amzn.to/4iZ1S8J
Ezra's X: https://x.com/ezraklein/
Ezra's Instagram: https://instagram.com/ezraklein
Ezra's YouTube: https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow
The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein
Derek's X: https://x.com/dkthomp
Plain English (podcast): https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson
The Atlantic: https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(03:17) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:33) - Left-wing vs right-wing politics
(19:54) - Political leaders on the left and the right
(44:29) - Internal political divisions
(47:29) - AOC
(58:50) - Political realignment
(1:10:32) - Supply-side progressivism
(1:17:42) - Wealth redistribution
(1:27:50) - Housing problem
(1:44:09) - Regulation and deregulation
(2:00:43) - DOGE, Elon, and Trump
(2:59:46) - Sam Harris
(3:09:24) - Future of America

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#462 – Ezra Klein and Derek Thompson: Politics, Trump, AOC, Elon & DOGE

David Kipping is an astronomer at Columbia University, director of the Cool Worlds Lab, and host of the Cool Worlds YouTube channel. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
- SimpliSafe: https://simplisafe.com/lex
- Shopify: https://shopify.com/lex to get free trial
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EPISODE LINKS:
David's Twitter: https://twitter.com/david_kipping
David's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@CoolWorldsLab
Cool Worlds Lab: https://coolworldslab.com/

PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
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YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips

SUPPORT & CONNECT:
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- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
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- Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman

OUTLINE:
Here's the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) - Introduction
(05:10) - Habitable exoplanets
(15:30) - Alien life in our Solar System
(27:20) - Starship
(31:28) - James Webb Space Telescope
(44:47) - Binary planets
(55:04) - Exomoons and Kepler-1625b
(1:08:34) - Discoveries of alien life
(1:22:15) - Aliens
(2:08:43) - Oort clouds
(2:19:30) - Future of astronomy
(2:32:45) - Alpha Centauri
(2:45:03) - Kardashev scale
(2:56:41) - AI and space exploration
(3:13:37) - Great Filter
(3:24:51) - Colonization of Mars
(3:31:35) - Simulation hypothesis
(3:43:48) - Advice for young people
(3:48:06) - Meaning of life

#355 – David Kipping: Alien Civilizations and Habitable Worlds

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