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#1 Humans are not the only species that have complex social lives. Many other animals do as well, and it can be difficult to understand their motives. However, humans do not necessarily hide their motives like other animals do.

#2 Social grooming is the act of one primate grooming another. It’s been proven to be more about politics than hygiene, as primates spend more time grooming each other than they do grooming themselves.

#3 The political function of grooming explains why higher-ranking individuals receive more grooming than lower-ranking individuals. It also explains why primates groom each other, even though they don’t need to be conscious of their political motivations.

#4 The Arabian babbler is a small bird that lives in the arid brush of the Sinai Desert and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The males arrange themselves into rigid dominance hierarchies. The alpha male consistently wins in small squabbles with the beta male, who in turn consistently wins against the gamma male.

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