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Cover for Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness

Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness

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6Sa 53dk
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Henri Bergson (1859-1941) was the leading French philosopher of the first half of the 20th century. Near the end of his life when he was forced to register with the police in Nazi-occupied France he wrote: ‘Academic. Philosopher. Nobel prize winner. Jew.’

He was indeed all these things and many more, being as famous in his lifetime for his political activities, working with US President Woodrow Wilson to found the League of Nations, as for being a member of the Académie française and president of the Society for Psychic Research.

Time and Free Will, his doctoral thesis, was published as a book in 1889 and attacks and rejects the mechanistic view of causality described in Kant’s version of space and time and proceeds to attempt to define free-will and consciousness by separating space and time. In the process he ascribes temporality to the immediate data of consciousness, or lived time, calling it ‘the duration’, la durée.

This duration is a key concept in his philosophy. He defines this state as the precondition for the possibility of free will and declares that freedom is mobility. He argues that science cannot measure changes in consciousness qualitatively, only quantitively. His approach is dualistic, expressing a preference for instinct, or intuition, to intellect and characterises intuition as memory rather than perception.

In effect he asserts that free will is a fact. For Bergson intuition is experience in action and entering into the thing or state, empathy, is the way to absolute, rather than relative knowledge.

His writing is remarkable for his use of striking imagery - his Nobel prize in 1927 was for literature - but in spite of this imagery which he relies on to illuminate his meaning, he was adamant that no fixed image can adequately represent the mobility he refers to, the unending ‘becomings’ of life.

His influence seemed to fade after World War II with the coming of a new generation of continental philosophers including Jean Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty - existentialists, whose interests lay in responding to Husserlian phenomenology and the thinking of Heidegger.

However, there has a been a growing resurgence of interest in his writings because of the acknowledged importance of his ideas to the work of Gilles Deleuze, who found in Bergson’s notion of an open society a response to the dominant arguments of phenomenology.

Hindu writers have also noted similarities between Bergson’s ideas on matter, consciousness, intuition and evolution with Hindu thinking and perspectives.

Time and Free Will, translated by F.L. Pogson, is read with customary clarity by Michael Lunts for Ukemi audiobooks.

© 2020 Ukemi Audiobooks from W. F. Howes Ltd (Sesli Kitap): 9781004134243

Yayın tarihi

Sesli Kitap: 21 Temmuz 2020

Etiketler

    Bunları da beğenebilirsin...

    1. Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
      Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics Martin Heidegger
    2. Philosophy of Mind
      Philosophy of Mind Georg Wilhelm Hegel
    3. Critique of Pure Reason
      Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant
    4. What Is Metaphysics, What Is Philosophy and Other Writings
      What Is Metaphysics, What Is Philosophy and Other Writings Martin Heidegger
    5. Philosophical Investigations
      Philosophical Investigations Ludwig Wittgenstein
    6. Elements of the Philosophy of Right
      Elements of the Philosophy of Right Georg Wilhelm Hegel
    7. The Art of Literature
      The Art of Literature Arthur Schopenhauer
    8. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and The Natural History of Religion
      Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and The Natural History of Religion David Hume
    9. The World as Will And Idea: Volume 1
      The World as Will And Idea: Volume 1 Arthur Schopenhauer
    10. A Theologico-Political Treatise/A Political Treatise
      A Theologico-Political Treatise/A Political Treatise Baruch Spinoza
    11. City of God
      City of God St. Augustine
    12. Creative Evolution
      Creative Evolution Henri Bergson
    13. An Introduction to Metaphysics
      An Introduction to Metaphysics Henri Bergson
    14. Critique of Pure Reason
      Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant
    15. Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction
      Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction Sue Hamilton
    16. A Brief History of 20th Century Western Philosophy
      A Brief History of 20th Century Western Philosophy Garrett Thomson
    17. Ideas
      Ideas Edmund Husserl
    18. Parmenides
      Parmenides Plato
    19. Whitehead’s The Function of Reason
      Whitehead’s The Function of Reason Alfred North Whitehead
    20. Dostoevsky: A Very Short Introduction
      Dostoevsky: A Very Short Introduction Deborah Martinsen
    21. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
      An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke
    22. Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
      Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion David Hume
    23. The History of Political Thought
      The History of Political Thought Richard Whatmore
    24. Buddha: A Very Short Introduction
      Buddha: A Very Short Introduction Michael Carrithers
    25. Augustine: A Very Short Introduction
      Augustine: A Very Short Introduction Henry Chadwick
    26. The Problems of Philosophy
      The Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell
    27. Aristotle’s Poetics
      Aristotle’s Poetics Aristotle
    28. Descartes: A Very Short Introduction
      Descartes: A Very Short Introduction Tom Sorell
    29. Radical Sacrifice
      Radical Sacrifice Terry Eagleton
    30. The Will to Power: An Attempted Transvaluation of All Values
      The Will to Power: An Attempted Transvaluation of All Values Friedrich Nietzsche
    31. Mill’s On Liberty
      Mill’s On Liberty John Stuart Mill
    32. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers: by Diogenes Laertius
      Lives of the Eminent Philosophers: by Diogenes Laertius Diogenes Laertius
    33. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
      An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume
    34. Habermas: A Very Short Introduction
      Habermas: A Very Short Introduction Gordon Finlayson
    35. Philosophy of Law: A Very Short Introduction: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Edition
      Philosophy of Law: A Very Short Introduction: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Edition Raymond Wacks
    36. Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
      Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction Damien Keown
    37. Meditations on First Philosophy and Discourse on the Method
      Meditations on First Philosophy and Discourse on the Method René Descartes
    38. Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction
      Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction A. C. Grayling
    39. The Decline of the West: Volume 1: Form and Actuality and Volume 2: Perspectives of World History
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    40. Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist
      Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist Friedrich Nietzsche
    41. Archaeology of Knowledge, The: And the Discourse on Language
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    42. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful
      A Philosophical Enquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful Edmund Burke
    43. The Consolation of Philosophy
      The Consolation of Philosophy Boethius
    44. Philosophy of Physics: A Very Short Introduction
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