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Lex Fridman

Conversations about science, technology, history, philosophy and the nature of intelligence, consciousness, love, and power. Lex is an AI researcher at MIT and beyond.

Lex Fridman Podcast

Pavel Durov is the founder and CEO of Telegram.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep482-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/pavel-durov-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Pavel's Telegram: https://t.me/durov
Pavel's X: https://x.com/durov
Telegram: https://telegram.org/
Telegram Contests: https://contest.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Miro: Online collaborative whiteboard platform.
Go to https://miro.com/
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(02:46) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:29) - Philosophy of freedom
(14:37) - No alcohol
(22:42) - No phone
(28:38) - Discipline
(49:50) - Telegram: Lean philosophy, privacy, and geopolitics
(1:05:12) - Arrest in France
(1:21:23) - Romanian elections
(1:32:18) - Power and corruption
(1:41:50) - Intense education
(1:53:51) - Nikolai Durov
(1:58:19) - Programming and video games
(2:02:33) - VK origins & engineering
(2:19:46) - Hiring a great team
(2:29:02) - Telegram engineering & design
(2:48:04) - Encryption
(2:53:01) - Open source
(2:57:48) - Edward Snowden
(3:00:20) - Intelligence agencies
(3:01:32) - Iran and Russia government pressure
(3:04:41) - Apple
(3:11:38) - Poisoning
(3:43:53) - Money
(3:52:45) - TON
(4:02:35) - Bitcoin
(4:05:34) - Two chairs dilemma
(4:12:14) - Children
(4:23:24) - Father
(4:27:55) - Quantum immortality
(4:34:27) - Kafka

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#482 – Pavel Durov: Telegram, Freedom, Censorship, Money, Power & Human Nature

Norman Ohler is a historian and author of "Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich," a book that investigates the role of psychoactive drugs, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, in the military history of World War II. It is a book that two legendary historians Ian Kershaw and Antony Beevor give very high praise for its depth of research. Norman also wrote "Tripped: Nazi Germany, the CIA, and the Dawn of the Psychedelic Age", and he is working on a new book "Stoned Sapiens" looking at the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep481-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/norman-ohler-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Stoned Sapiens Substack: https://substack.com/@stonedsapiens
Norman's X: https://x.com/normanohler
Norman's Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/normanohler
Norman's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Norman-Ohler
Norman's Website: https://www.normanohler.de
Norman's books: https://amzn.to/46uNS18
Blitzed: https://amzn.to/4mmY2XC
The Bohemians: https://amzn.to/3KubPhK
Tripped: https://amzn.to/4nEy7eX

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(01:09) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:00) - Drugs in post-WWI Germany
(19:18) - Nazi rise to power
(23:45) - Hitler's drug use
(29:37) - Response to historian criticism
(46:16) - Pervitin
(1:00:15) - Blitzkrieg and meth
(1:18:52) - Erwin Rommel (Crystal Fox)
(1:23:02) - Dunkirk
(1:31:06) - Hitler's drug addiction
(1:47:03) - Methamphetamine
(1:48:57) - Invasion of Soviet Union
(2:07:54) - Cocaine
(2:16:49) - Hitler's last days
(2:36:48) - German resistance against Nazis
(2:58:59) - Totalitarianism
(3:04:09) - Stoned Sapiens - Drugs in human history
(3:19:20) - Religion
(3:30:09) - LSD, CIA, and MKUltra
(3:55:39) - Writing on drugs
(4:08:40) - Berlin night clubs
(4:19:14) - Greatest book ever written

#481 – Norman Ohler: Hitler, Nazis, Drugs, WW2, Blitzkrieg, LSD, MKUltra & CIA

Dave Hone is a paleontologist, expert on dinosaurs, co-host of the Terrible Lizards podcast, and author of numerous scientific papers and books on the behavior and ecology of dinosaurs. He lectures at Queen Mary University of London on topics of Ecology, Zoology, Biology, and Evolution.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep480-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dave-hone-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Dave's Website: https://www.davehone.co.uk/
Dave's Books: https://amzn.to/4pbk828
Terrible Lizards Podcast: https://terriblelizards.libsyn.com/
Dave's Blog: https://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/
Dave's Academic Website: https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/davidhone.html

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Lindy: No-code AI agent builder.
Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:22) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:18) - T-Rex's size & biomechanics
(31:00) - T-Rex's hunting strategies
(44:07) - History of dinosaurs on Earth
(1:04:38) - $31.8 million T-Rex fossil
(1:17:44) - T-Rex's skull and bone-crushing bite force
(1:36:33) - What Jurassic Park got wrong
(1:54:52) - Evolution and sexual selection
(2:15:26) - Spinosaurus
(2:26:02) - What Jurassic Park got right
(2:33:35) - T-Rex's intelligence
(2:43:34) - Cannibalism among T-Rex
(2:49:05) - Extinction of the dinosaurs
(3:06:15) - Dragons
(3:22:39) - Birds are dinosaurs
(3:33:23) - Future of paleontology

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#480 – Dave Hone: T-Rex, Dinosaurs, Extinction, Evolution, and Jurassic Park

Dave Plummer is a programmer, former Microsoft software engineer (Windows 95, NT, XP), creator of Task Manager, author of two books on autism, and host of the Dave's Garage YouTube channel, where he shares stories from his career, insights on software development, and deep dives into technology.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep479-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Dave's X: https://x.com/davepl1968
Dave's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@DavesGarage
Dave's Secondary YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@davepl
Dave's GitHub: https://github.com/PlummersSoftwareLLC
Dave's Books: https://amzn.to/41qd5IB

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers.
Go to https://zocdoc.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends.
Go to https://alliocapital.com/
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(01:14) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:16) - First computer
(15:54) - Dropping out of high-school
(23:35) - Joining Microsoft
(25:47) - MS-DOS
(28:59) - Windows 95
(35:46) - The man behind Windows
(40:42) - Debugging
(45:59) - Task Manager
(51:08) - 3D Pinball: Space Cadet
(56:07) - Start menu and taskbar
(1:07:06) - Blue Screen of Death
(1:09:15) - Best programmers
(1:17:16) - Scariest time of Dave's life
(1:24:44) - Best Windows version
(1:26:34) - Slot machines
(1:30:17) - Autism and ADHD
(1:49:37) - Fastest programming language
(1:53:42) - Future of programming

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#479 – Dave Plummer: Programming, Autism, and Old-School Microsoft Stories

Scott Horton is the director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, co-host of Provoked, and for the past three decades a staunch critic of U.S. military interventionism.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep478-sc
See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Supplemental Notes & Corrections: https://lexfridman.com/scott-horton-links-and-notes/
Scott's X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott Horton Show: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Provoked Show: https://youtube.com/@Provoked_Show
Scott's Substack: https://scotthortonshow.com/
Scott's Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott's Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends.
Go to https://alliocapital.com/
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:35) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:14) - From the Cold War to the War on Terror
(1:02:13) - Iraq War 1
(1:30:17) - Bin Laden
(2:29:39) - Afghanistan War
(2:44:35) - Iraq War 2
(3:10:59) - Military Industrial Complex
(3:50:25) - Scott's life story
(4:20:15) - Iraq War 2 (continued)
(5:11:43) - Syria
(6:05:01) - Iraq War 3
(6:17:28) - Somalia
(6:22:56) - Iran
(7:12:41) - Israel-Palestine
(9:02:19) - Cold War 2.0

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#478 – Scott Horton: The Case Against War and the Military Industrial Complex

Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China's economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep477-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/keyu-jin-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Keyu's X: https://x.com/KeyuJin
Keyu's Website: https://keyujin.com/
The New China Playbook (Book): https://amzn.to/4lpgmyK

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends.
Go to https://alliocapital.com/
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex
Lindy: No-code AI agent builder.
Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:35) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:26) - Misconceptions about China
(12:57) - Education in China
(22:14) - Economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping
(27:33) - Mayor economy and GDP growth race
(41:20) - Growing up in China
(46:58) - First time in the US
(51:12) - China's government vs business sector
(54:46) - Communism and capitalism
(58:25) - Jack Ma
(1:04:37) - China's view on innovation and copying ideas
(1:11:15) - DeepSeek moment
(1:15:09) - CHIPS Act
(1:16:56) - Tariffs and Trade
(1:29:21) - Immigration
(1:34:08) - Taiwan
(1:39:54) - One-child policy
(1:47:51) - China's economy collapse predictions
(1:52:34) - Advice for visiting China

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#477 – Keyu Jin: China’s Economy, Tariffs, Trade, Trump, Communism & Capitalism

Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep476-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jack-weatherford-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Jack's Books: https://amzn.to/3ISziZr
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4
Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Allio Capital: AI-powered investment app that uses global macroeconomic trends.
Go to https://alliocapital.com/
ZocDoc: App that helps patients find healthcare providers.
Go to https://zocdoc.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Oracle: Cloud infrastructure.
Go to https://oracle.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts.
Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:44) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:44) - Origin story of Genghis Khan
(52:30) - Early battles & conquests
(1:05:11) - Power
(1:07:33) - Secret History
(1:20:58) - Mongolian steppe
(1:24:16) - Mounted archery and horse-riding
(1:32:36) - Genghis Khan's army
(1:48:49) - Military tactics and strategy
(2:01:13) - Wars of conquest
(2:05:37) - Dan Carlin
(2:15:37) - Religious freedom
(2:31:24) - Trade and the Silk Road
(2:40:10) - Weapons innovation
(2:41:40) - Kublai Khan and conquering China
(3:23:31) - Fall of the Mongol Empire
(3:50:26) - Genetic legacy
(4:00:20) - Lessons from Genghis Khan
(4:10:36) - Human nature
(4:13:47) - Visiting Mongolia
(4:33:15) - Lex: Dan Carlin
(4:36:06) - Lex: Gaza

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep475-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/demis-hassabis-2-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
Demis's X: https://x.com/demishassabis
DeepMind's X: https://x.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind's Instagram: https://instagram.com/GoogleDeepMind
DeepMind's Website: https://deepmind.google/
Gemini's Website: https://gemini.google.com/
Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/
The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81
Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
Hampton: Community for high-growth founders and CEOs.
Go to https://joinhampton.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
Go to https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
Go to https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink.
Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex

OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:29) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:40) - Learnable patterns in nature
(12:22) - Computation and P vs NP
(21:00) - Veo 3 and understanding reality
(25:24) - Video games
(37:26) - AlphaEvolve
(43:27) - AI research
(47:51) - Simulating a biological organism
(52:34) - Origin of life
(58:49) - Path to AGI
(1:09:35) - Scaling laws
(1:12:51) - Compute
(1:15:38) - Future of energy
(1:19:34) - Human nature
(1:24:28) - Google and the race to AGI
(1:42:27) - Competition and AI talent
(1:49:01) - Future of programming
(1:55:27) - John von Neumann
(2:04:41) - p(doom)
(2:09:24) - Humanity
(2:12:30) - Consciousness and quantum computation
(2:18:40) - David Foster Wallace
(2:25:54) - Education and research

PODCAST LINKS:
- Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
- Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
- Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
- RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
- Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
- Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#475 – Demis Hassabis: Future of AI, Simulating Reality, Physics and Video Games

David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn't Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep474-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dhh-david-heinemeier-hansson-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact

EPISODE LINKS:
DHH's X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH's Website: https://dhh.dk/
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/
37signals: https://37signals.com/

DHH's books:
Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob
Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91
It Doesn't Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx
Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg

SPONSORS:
To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts:
UPLIFT Desk: Standing desks and office ergonomics.
Go to https://upliftdesk.com/lex
Lindy: No-code AI agent builder.
Go to https://go.lindy.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:58) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:48) - Programming - early days
(26:13) - JavaScript
(36:32) - Google Chrome and DOJ
(44:19) - Ruby programming language
(51:30) - Beautiful code
(1:09:31) - Metaprogramming
(1:12:52) - Dynamic typing
(1:20:10) - Scaling
(1:33:03) - Future of programming
(1:50:34) - Future of AI
(1:56:29) - Vibe coding
(2:05:01) - Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language
(2:29:27) - Why managers are useless
(2:38:48) - Small teams
(2:44:55) - Jeff Bezos
(3:00:13) - Why meetings are toxic
(3:07:58) - Case against retirement
(3:15:15) - Hard work
(3:20:53) - Why we left the cloud
(3:24:04) - AWS
(3:33:22) - Owning your own servers
(3:39:35) - Elon Musk
(3:49:17) - Apple
(4:01:03) - Tim Sweeney
(4:12:37) - Fatherhood
(4:38:19) - Racing
(5:05:23) - Cars
(5:10:41) - Programming setup
(5:25:51) - Programming language for beginners
(5:39:09) - Open source
(5:48:01) - WordPress drama
(5:59:18) - Money and happiness
(6:08:11) - Hope

#474 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Ruby on Rails, Productivity & Parenting

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep473-sc
See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc.

Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/iran-war-debate-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Mark's X: https://x.com/mdubowitz
Mark's Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/

Scott's X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Scott's Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/
Scott's Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott's Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) - Introduction
(00:36) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:02) - Iran-Israel War
(16:45) - Iran's Nuclear Program
(48:37) - Nuclear weapons and uranium
(1:00:40) - Nuclear deal
(1:26:14) - Iran Nuclear Archive
(1:48:50) - Best case and worst case near-term future
(2:24:15) - US attack on Iran - Operation Midnight Hammer
(2:47:48) - Nuclear proliferation in the future
(3:08:46) - Libertarianism
(3:21:35) - Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD)
(3:37:10) - Trump and Peacemaking process
(3:42:08) - WW2
(3:55:08) - WW3

#473 – Iran War Debate: Nuclear Weapons, Trump, Peace, Power & the Middle East

Cristos Goodrow is VP of Engineering at Google and head of Search and Discovery at YouTube (aka YouTube Algorithm).

This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Medium, or YouTube where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify, or support it on Patreon.

This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store, Google Play), use code "LexPodcast". 

Here's the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.

00:00 - Introduction
03:26 - Life-long trajectory through YouTube
07:30 - Discovering new ideas on YouTube
13:33 - Managing healthy conversation
23:02 - YouTube Algorithm
38:00 - Analyzing the content of video itself
44:38 - Clickbait thumbnails and titles
47:50 - Feeling like I'm helping the YouTube algorithm get smarter
50:14 - Personalization
51:44 - What does success look like for the algorithm?
54:32 - Effect of YouTube on society
57:24 - Creators
59:33 - Burnout
1:03:27 - YouTube algorithm: heuristics, machine learning, human behavior
1:08:36 - How to make a viral video?
1:10:27 - Veritasium: Why Are 96,000,000 Black Balls on This Reservoir?
1:13:20 - Making clips from long-form podcasts
1:18:07 - Moment-by-moment signal of viewer interest
1:20:04 - Why is video understanding such a difficult AI problem?
1:21:54 - Self-supervised learning on video
1:25:44 - What does YouTube look like 10, 20, 30 years from now?

Cristos Goodrow: YouTube Algorithm

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