Dinle ya da oku

Sesli kitapların büyülü dünyasına adım at.

  • İlk 2 ay ₺124,99/ay
  • Binlerce sesli kitap ve e-kitap.
  • Dilediğin kadar dinle ya da oku.
  • Çevrimdışı modu.
  • İstediğin zaman iptal et.
Abonelik başlat
TR - Details page - Device banner - 894x1036

The Bronze Age in Europe: The History and Legacy of Civilizations Across Europe from 3200-600 BCE

24 Puan

3.4

Süre
1sa 39dk
Dil
İngilizce
Format
Kategori

Tarih

While the Bronze Age is recognized as one of history’s most important phases, it’s been hard for historians to precisely date. The idea of the Bronze Age comes from a three-age system developed in the 19th century through which archaeologists and historians believe cultures evolve. These three ages are the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, and the concept of the system stems from the simultaneous development of museums in Europe during that time. In the Royal Museum of Nordic Antiquities in Denmark, Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, the director of the museum, began classifying objects of stone, bronze, or iron to better categorize and exhibit them. Each archaeological artifact was thus sorted according to their materials and further organized by shape and style. Through such methodology, working alongside archaeological reports, he was able to show how certain objects changed over time (Fagan 1996, 712).

Such a typology, combined with stratigraphy noted in archaeological reports, was useful to early archaeologists with no reliable method for dating artifacts. By understanding which object came before or after, early archaeologists had a relative dating system with which to assess the age of an object or culture. This kind of system was useful to the archaeologists who often encountered objects from above-ground burials that lacked stratigraphy.

When this three-age system reached England, John Lubbock expanded on it by applying cultural anthropology to the ages. Over time, other researchers would gradually add their interpretations to the system, with many arguing for sub-divisions of the Stone Age or the introduction of a Copper Age between the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages (Rowley-Conwy 2007, 243).

The classification system was meant as a way for modern scientists to classify and understand prehistoric cultures, the final stage of which was the Iron Age, which ended when a culture developed the ability to record their history. Of course, given the rate of each culture’s development, this means that when the historical period begins is not uniform or even universal. For example, Native Americans of the Great Plains had not yet developed a written record when they first encountered Europeans. Likewise, they did not have access to the raw materials to enter the Bronze Age or Iron Age, whereas in other cases, such as in Europe, cultures entered the historical period through the conquests of the Roman Empire (which had developed writing), regardless of whether the conquered cultures had previously reached a Bronze or Iron Age. Meanwhile, the cultures not conquered by the Romans, such as those in Northern Germany and Scandinavia, continued to develop an Iron Age and eventually, a historical age, with the introduction of writing by the Vikings.

While the simplified, three-age system and typology worked for Thomsen and archaeologists in Denmark, the application of such a system could not be applied on a broader scale due to the numerous variables faced by each developing civilization (Rowley-Conwy 2007). Therefore, rather than examining a wide-ranging Bronze Age in Europe in general, individual cultures and civilizations must be examined on their own, starting with the earliest civilizations to begin mastering the techniques of bronze-making. With that said, certain generalities can be made regarding life before the Bronze Age.

The Bronze Age in Europe: The History and Legacy of Civilizations Across Europe from 3200-600 BCE looks at the different cultures that emerged over those crucial years. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Bronze Age in Europe like never before.

© 2020 Charles River Editors (Sesli Kitap): 9781987127140

Yayın tarihi

Sesli Kitap: 10 Mart 2020

Etiketler

Bunları da beğenebilirsin...

  1. Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization Paul Kriwaczek
  2. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World David W. Anthony
  3. The Ancient Celts: Second Edition Barry Cunliffe
  4. The Assyrian Empire’s Capitals: The History and Legacy of Nineveh, Assur, and Nimrud Charles River Editors
  5. Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization Richard Miles
  6. Doggerland: The History of the Land that Once Connected Great Britain to Continental Europe Charles River Editors
  7. A History of the World Andrew Marr
  8. The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World Catherine Nixey
  9. A Pocket History of Human Evolution: How We Became Sapiens Silvana Condemi
  10. Ancient Greece, Second Edition: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times Thomas R. Martin
  11. Ugarit: The History and Legacy of the Kingdom of Ugarit in the Ancient Near East Charles River Editors
  12. The Story of Greece and Rome Tony Spawforth
  13. Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of An Empire Simon Baker
  14. The Histories Herodotus
  15. Red Land, Black Land: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt Barbara Mertz
  16. The Life of Greece: A History of Greek Civilization from the Beginnings, and of Civilization in the Near East from the Death of Alexander, to the Roman Conquest Will Durant
  17. When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt Kara Cooney
  18. The World of the Ancient Maya, Second Edition John S. Henderson
  19. The History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides
  20. Hannibal: A History of the Art of War among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 BC, with a Detailed Account of the Second Punic War Theodore Ayrault Dodge
  21. The Grand Strategy of Classical Sparta: The Persian Challenge Paul A. Rahe
  22. The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: The Untold Story of a Lost World Steve Brusatte
  23. Lost Realms: Histories of Britain from the Romans to the Vikings Thomas Williams
  24. The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China Raoul McLaughlin
  25. Ancient Rome: From Romulus to Justinian Thomas R. Martin
  26. The Histories Caius Cornelius Tacitus
  27. Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine Barry Strauss
  28. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt
  29. The Real History of Witches and Witch Hunts Thomas Fudge

Storytel dünyasını keşfet:

  • Kids mode

  • Çevrimdışı modu

  • İstediğin zaman iptal et

  • Her yerde erişim

Sınırsız

Sınırsızca dinlemek ve okumak isteyenler için.

₺249.99 /ay
  • 1 hesap

  • Sınırsız erişim

  • İstediğin zaman iptal et

Abonelik başlat

Sınırsız Yıllık

Sınırsızca dinlemek ve okumak isteyenler için.

₺1499.99 /yıl
6 ay öde, 12 ay dinle
  • 1 hesap

  • Sınırsız erişim

  • İstediğin zaman iptal et

Abonelik başlat

Aile (2 hesap)

Hikayeleri sevdikleri ile paylaşmak isteyenler için.

₺379.99 /ay
  • 2 hesap

  • Sınırsız erişim

  • İstediğin zaman iptal et

Abonelik başlat

Aile (3 hesap)

Hikayeleri sevdikleri ile paylaşmak isteyenler için.

₺474.99 /ay
  • 3 hesap

  • Sınırsız erişim

  • İstediğin zaman iptal et

Abonelik başlat